The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. Despite recent changes in laws designed to make obtaining pseudoephedrine more difficult, methamphetamine continues to be an easily accessible and relatively inexpensive drug option (Shukla, Crump, & Chrisco, 2012). In the latter part of 2013, however, the United States Department of Justice issued statements indicating that they would not continue to challenge state medical marijuana laws. Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light as shown inFigure 4.4, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. One of the nurses said, If youve had a partner who does work regular job 9 to 5 office hours . In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. Stage 1 sleepis a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep. Generally, narcolepsy is treated using psychomotor stimulant drugs, such as amphetamines (Mignot, 2012). Therefore, it is quite likely that new medications that are developed to treat narcolepsy will be designed to target the hypocretin system. This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. Research indicates that meditation may help reduce blood pressure, and the American Heart Association suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, although there is not sufficient data for a recommendation to be made (Brook et al., 2013). In other words, dreaming involves constructing a virtual reality in our heads that we might use to help us during wakefulness. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. Variations and adaptations in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring. Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. In the therapeutic setting, a clinician may use relaxation and suggestion in an attempt to alter the thoughts and perceptions of a patient. Site has information/education resources on a broad range of topics, including asthma, birth defects, radiation, sanitation, lead in blood, and more.
Homeostasis (article) | Human body systems | Khan Academy Homeostasis: How the Body Strives for Balance - Verywell Mind The pons is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). Causes. Thirst. the ability to spend time, good time with them when youre not feeling absolutely exhausted . This pattern of temperature fluctuation, which repeats every day, is one example of a circadian rhythm. Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. The chapter will close with discussions of altered states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. Taking a different approach to explain hypnosis, the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis sees people in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. Cocaine can be taken in multiple ways. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). In 2012, Kromann and Nielson reported on a case study of a 40-year-old woman who suffered significant ill effects from her use of caffeine. Methamphetamine addiction produces an intense craving that is difficult to treat. (credit a: modification of work by Todd Huffman), Psychedelic images like this are often associated with hallucinogenic compounds. Homeostasisis the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system. The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. For example, she and her colleagues published a study in which women going through divorce were asked several times over a five-month period to report the degree to which their former spouses were on their minds. THE INTERNAL STATE SCALE (ISS) Version 2 and the ChronoBook SCORING KEY AND SUMMARY Mark S. Bauer, MD . The pineal and pituitary glands secrete a number of hormones during sleep. This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease. Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015).
Ebola virus disease - World Health Organization While this is an intuitive explanation of sleep, there is little research that supports this explanation. It is not uncommon for people suffering from undiagnosed or untreated sleep apnea to fear that their careers will be affected by the lack of sleep, illustrated by this statement from another patient, Im in a job where theres a premium on being mentally alert. It is typically consumed in pill form. While awake, we feel alert and aware of the many important things going on around us. It may seem counterintuitive that stimulant medications are prescribed to treat a disorder that involves hyperactivity, but the therapeutic effect comes from increases in neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. We also alter our consciousness through the use of various psychoactive drugs. Anopioidis one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine. 1. Watch this, Sleep, which we all experience, is a quiet and mysterious pause in our daily lives. Like NREM sleep, REM has been implicated in various aspects of learning and memory (Wagner, Gais, & Born, 2001; Siegel, 2001). The typical positive symptoms of schizophrenia , such as hallucinatory experiences or fixed delusional beliefs, tend to be very upsetting and disruptivenot a positive experience at all for you or someone you care about who is experiencing them. A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? The crisis actually began in the 1990s, when pharmaceutical companies began mass-marketing pain-relieving opioid drugs like OxyContin with the promise (now known to be false) that they were non-addictive. Recent research (Horikawa, Tamaki, Miyawaki, & Kamitani, 2013) has uncovered new techniques by which researchers may effectively detect and classify the visual images that occur during dreaming by using fMRI for neural measurement of brain activity patterns, opening the way for additional research in this area. One way that this happens involves traveling across multiple time zones. Cognitive-behavioral therapyis a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors.
Positive Symptoms in Schizophrenia - Verywell Mind Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. There is a trend that females report more somatic symptoms than males; thus, more females are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder than males (APA, 2022). A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. Toleranceis linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. Meditationis the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment. Understanding the impact of sleep on cognitive function should help you understand that cramming all night for a test may be not effective and can even prove counterproductive. Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). While the possession and use of marijuana remain illegal in many states, it is now legal to possess limited quantities of marijuana for recreational use in eleven states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. Sleepis a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness. Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). As mentioned earlier, REM sleep is marked by rapid movements of the eyes. This causes blood vessels to dilate, and the skin may feel warm and flushed. One of the most common treatments for sleep apnea involves the use of a special device during sleep. However, alternative treatment options are being explored because consistent compliance by users of CPAP devices is a problem. The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. Beyond being awake or asleep, there are many other states of consciousness people experience. In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. Few people in the United States remain untouched by the recent opioid epidemic. (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk), video about circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep, video that gives sleep tips for college students, video about the relationship between sleep and memory, instructional video about using Buddhist meditation techniques to alleviate stress, video about the results of a brain imaging study in individuals who underwent specific mindfulness meditative techniques, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly), Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). 23. The early portion of stage 1 sleep producesalpha waves, which are relatively low frequency (813Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized (Figure 4.8). There are individual differences in regard to our sleep-wake cycle. Narcolepsy is associated with reduced levels of the signaling molecule hypocretin in some areas of the brain (De la Herrn-Arita & Drucker-Coln, 2012; Han, 2012), and the traditional stimulant drugs do not have direct effects on this system. Has something like this ever happened to you? Several of the nurses interviewed commented that their work schedules affected their relationships with their family. An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity. Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9). Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011). High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). Some view a hypnotized persons behavior not as an altered or dissociated state of consciousness, but as their fulfillment of the social expectations for that role (Coe, 2009; Coe & Sarbin, 1966). Methadoneis a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs. It is administered alone or in conjunction with doses of melatonin (the hormone secreted by the pineal gland). Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. While many users snort cocaine, intravenous injection and inhalation (smoking) are also common. Sleep is not a uniform state of being. Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. Acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter in motor neurons. Guilleminault et al. For example, repeated use can lead to overall depletion among the monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin). While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. This section will describe several sleep disorders as well as some of their treatment options. This final section will consider hypnotic and meditative states as additional examples of altered states of consciousness experienced by some individuals. Opioid addiction reached crisis levels in the United States such that by 2019, an average of 130 people diedeach dayof an opioid overdose (NIDA, 2019). (a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions of which meditation plays a part. a. will be healthier than children because they are exposed to fewer infectious diseases.b.
QUIZ 1 EXTRA STUDY .docx - QUIZ 1 STUDY GUIDE HELP PLUS d. both b and c. 2. As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using electroencephalography (EEG), and different phases of sleep can be differentiated using EEG as well. Inflammation has many causes, including infections, injuries, and diseases. In her case, the fact that her cataplexy was confined to the right side of her body was quite unusual. Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. Reduced urine. Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. These effects can occur as a function of accumulated sleep debt or in response to more acute periods of sleep deprivation. Although she did not experience any dream-like hallucinations, she was diagnosed with narcolepsy as a result of sleep testing. Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. The clock sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina. Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the brain to activate the muscles of breathing during sleep. In general, these drugs are not thought to possess the same sort of abuse potential as other classes of drugs discussed in this section. While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). This created a black market for the drug, where prices soared to $80 or more for a single pill. Some of these areas include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. In 2015, the National Sleep Foundation updated their sleep duration hours, to better accommodate individual differences. Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. These same women were awakened during REM sleep in order to provide a detailed account of their dream content. As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCNthe biological clock of the bodyin addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systemthe body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. As discussed by Siegel (2008), a definition of sleep must also include mention of the interplay of the circadian and homeostatic mechanisms that regulate sleep. Although there are a number of different techniques in use, the central feature of all meditation is clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus (Chen et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2012). While medical marijuana laws have been passed on a state-by-state basis, federal laws still classify this as an illicit substance, making conducting research on the potentially beneficial medicinal uses of marijuana problematic. MDMA (3.4-methelynedioxy-methamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy or Molly) is a mild stimulant with perception-altering effects. Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising. This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. Thus we sleep in safe areas to reduce the chance of harm. The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy. Another theory regarding why we sleep involves sleeps importance for cognitive function and memory formation (Rattenborg, Lesku, Martinez-Gonzalez, & Lima, 2007). This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. All of the following are true statements concerning the health of Americans EXCEPT: a. mortality rates from smoking have declined. It is possible that even the processing of emotional information is influenced by certain aspects of sleep (Walker, 2009). Some sleep-deprived individuals have difficulty staying awake when they stop moving (for example sitting and watching television or driving a car). Users experience increased energy, feelings of pleasure, and emotional warmth. Evolutionary psychologyis a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result ofnatural selection. The heart rate slows . Sleep reboundrefers to the fact that a sleep-deprived individual will fall asleep more quickly during subsequent opportunities for sleep. d. the gender gap between male and female life expectancy has increased. In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder. . Adepressantis a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. In addition, sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. It is often prescribed for minor pain, and it is available over-the-counter in some other countries. The hypnogram below (Figure 4.12) shows a persons passage through the stages of sleep. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). Sleep apnea is defined as a reduction or cessation of breathing during sleep. Generally, treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. However, when a stimulant drug was used in conjunction with a popular antidepressant, her condition improved dramatically. More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. For example, irritability, distractibility, and impairments in cognitive and moral judgment can occur with fewer than four hours of sleep. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. c. deaths due to accidents have increased. (Jayanthi & Ramamoorthy, 2005; Rothman, Blough, & Baumann, 2007). In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012).
PDF Internal States Scale and Reference - University of Washington Fever. (b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. Sleepwalking most often occurs during slow-wave sleep, but it can occur at any time during a sleep period in some affected individuals (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. In fact, ameta-analysis, which is a study that combines the results of many related studies, conducted within the last decade indicates that by the time we are 65 years old, we average fewer than 7 hours of sleep per day (Ohayon, Carskadon, Guilleminault, & Vitiello, 2004).
PSY-352 Topic 2 Quiz 1 Online - GetMyAnswers.com The brains clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as thesuprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). As you will learn when you study social roles, peoples behavior can be shaped by their expectations of how they should act in a given situation. . c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. Comparative research indicates, however, that the relationship that exists between predatory risk and sleep is very complex and equivocal. We spend approximately one-third of our lives sleeping. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. 3. The decade from 20102019 brought many changes in laws regarding marijuana. Physical dependenceinvolves changes in normal bodily functionsthe user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. Recent adaptations (e.g., Hobson, 2002) continue to update the theory based on accumulating evidence. The term was first coined by a physiologist named Walter Cannon in 1926. Sleep can be divided into two different general phases: REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. As part of treatment, the sleeping environment is often modified to make it a safer place for those suffering from RBD (Zangini, Calandra-Buonaura, Grimaldi, & Cortelli, 2011). The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment is called homeostasis. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. Weakness and fatigue. A few such benefits listed by the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) include maintaining healthy weight, lowering stress levels, improving mood, and increasing motor coordination, as well as a number of benefits related to cognition and memory formation. People who suffer from insomnia might limit their use of stimulant drugs (such as caffeine) or increase their amount of physical exercise during the day. According to Jung, certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location. Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective. Caffeine is found in many common medicines (such as weight loss drugs), beverages, foods, and even cosmetics (Herman & Herman, 2013). D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. EVERYDAY CONNECTION: Solutions to Support Healthy Sleep, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Disorganized Thinking. High doses can induce sleep, cause motor disturbance, memory loss, decreased respiratory function, and death. Biological rhythmsare internal rhythms of biological activity. If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. Hypnosis has also been used to draw out information believed to be buried deeply in someones memory. A sleep deprived individual generally will fall asleep more quickly than if she were not sleep deprived. The three types of sleep apnea are central apnea, obstructive apnea (OSA), and a mixture of central and obstructive apnea. Surprisingly, narcoleptic episodes are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress. In the brain, the hypothalamus, which lies above the pituitary gland, is a main center of homeostasis. It is relatively easy to wake someone from stage 1 sleep; in fact, people often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage 1 sleep. There may also be differences in both brain structure and function in infants that die from SIDS (Berkowitz, 2012; Mage & Donner, 2006; Thach, 2005). Rotating shift workrefers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis. Remarkably, Falater insisted that he had no recollection of hurting his wife in any way. Sore throat. Aside from the role that REM sleep may play in processes related to learning and memory, REM sleep may also be involved in emotional processing and regulation. During periods of emotional arousal, the woman complained that she felt some weakness on the right side of her body. Dopamine activity is often associated with reward and craving; therefore, drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability. Hypnosisis a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. Signs of inflammation help healthcare providers in making a diagnosis. Rather, the ISS r ecognizes mixed states and depressive symptoms during manic and hypomanic episodes.