View our suggested citation for this chapter. Electromagnetic radiation (e.g., radio, microwaves, light) can be modeled as a wave pattern of changing electric and magnetic fields or, alternatively, as particles. Gravitational, electric, and magnetic forces between a pair of objects do not require that they be in contact. Pushes and pulls can have different strengths and directions. This transfer happens in three different ways—by conduction within solids, by the flow of liquid or gas (convection), and by radiation, which can travel across space. For this reason we have chosen to present the two subjects together, thereby ensuring a more coherent approach to the core ideas across all grades. Machines can be made more efficient, that is, require less fuel input to perform a given task, by reducing friction between their moving parts and through aerodynamic design. These wave properties are used in many applications (e.g., lenses, seismic probing of Earth). Many systems, both natural and engineered, rely on feedback mechanisms to maintain stability, but they can function only within a limited range of conditions. By the end of grade 8. Describes the science and technology concepts used by chemical accident investigators, including information on chemical reactions, fire and blast investigations, vapor danger, environmental impacts, pollutants, and cleanup. For two human-scale objects, these forces are too small to observe without sensitive instrumentation. Changes can happen very quickly or very slowly and are sometimes hard to see (e.g., plant growth). Moreover, the modern explanation of how particular atoms influence the properties of materials or molecules is critical to understanding the physical and chemical functioning of biological systems. When a pendulum swings, some stored energy is transformed into kinetic energy and back again into stored energy during each swing. Read more about the combustion of methane in the teacher background section. The strong nuclear interaction provides the primary force that holds nuclei together and determines nuclear binding energies. Sign up for email notifications and we'll let you know about new publications in your areas of interest when they're released. By understanding wave properties and the interactions of electromagnetic radiation with matter, scientists and engineers can design systems for transferring information across long distances, storing information, and investigating nature on many scales—some of them far beyond direct human perception. Sound can make matter vibrate, and vibrating matter can make sound. Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer. Nor does it apply to objects at the molecular, atomic, and subatomic scales, or to an object whose mass is changing at the same time as its speed. Do you enjoy reading reports from the Academies online for free? Strong and weak nuclear interactions determine nuclear stability and processes. The path that light travels can be traced as straight lines, except at surfaces between different transparent materials (e.g., air and water, air and glass) where the light path bends. All electromagnetic radiation travels through a vacuum at the same speed, called the speed of light. In the electron cloud, it is impossible to know exactly where electrons are. By the end of grade 5. In addition, atoms of each element emit and preferentially absorb characteristic frequencies of light. So a helium atom with two protons and one neutron is called helium-3, and a carbon atom with six protons and six neutrons is called carbon-12. At the macroscopic scale, energy manifests itself in multiple phenomena, such as motion, light, sound, electrical and magnetic fields, and thermal energy. All forms of electricity generation and transportation fuels have associated economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits, both short and long term. Nuclear fusion is a process in which a collision of two small nuclei eventually results in the formation of a single more massive nucleus with greater net binding energy and hence a release of energy. (Boundary: At this grade level, mass and weight are not distinguished, and no attempt is made to define the unseen particles or explain the atomic-scale mechanism of evaporation and condensation.). force field between them changes. grapes get fermented. (Boundary: Mass and weight are not distinguished at this grade level.). Systems often change in predictable ways; understanding the forces that drive the transformations and cycles within a system, as well as the forces imposed on the system from the outside, helps predict its behavior under a variety of conditions. Look at the teacher version of the activity sheet to find the questions and answers. In all the above situations, the nature and the identity of the initial Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email. Suddenly, helium (containing 2 protons and 2 neutrons) appeared in the bulb, and from this experiment he discovered this type of radiation has a positive charge. However, because light can travel through space, it cannot be a matter wave, like sound or water waves. Explain that the molecules that make up the wax combine with oxygen from the air to make the products carbon dioxide and water vapor. By the end of grade 5. Electrons are so small they make up only 1% of an atom's mass.[7]. There are many different types of atoms, each with its own name, mass and size. Explain to students that chemical reactions are more complicated than the simplified model shown in the animation. Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions. The total energy within a defined system changes only by the transfer of energy into or out of the system. Any substance that could be broken down was a compound.[4]. The wick will catch on fire and the flame will be sustained by the chemical reaction. In a chemical process, the atoms that make up the original substances are regrouped into different molecules, and these new substances have different properties from those of the reactants. How are waves used to transfer energy and information? Stored energy is decreased in some chemical reactions and increased in others. The produced nuclei are often not stable and undergo subsequent radioactive decays. The reactivity of hydrogen ions gives rise to many biological and geophysical phenomena. A great deal of light travels through space to Earth from the sun and from distant stars. These forces are explained by force fields that contain energy and can transfer energy through space. How can one explain and predict interactions between objects and within systems of objects? Have students warm a pair of reactants and cool another and compare the amount of products in each reaction. By the end of grade 12. Some reactions release energy (e.g., burning fuel in the presence of oxygen), and others require energy input (e.g., synthesis of sugars from carbon dioxide and water). All electromagnetic radiation travels through a vacuum at the same speed, called the speed of light. A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Energy stored in fields within a system can also be described as potential energy. Available: http://www.project2061.org/publications/bsl/online/index.php?txtRef=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Eproject2061%2Eorg%2Fpublications%2Fbsl%2Fdefault%2Ehtm%3FtxtRef%3D%26txtURIOld%3D%252Ftools%252Fbsl%252Fdefault%2Ehtm&txtURIOld=%2Fpublications%2Fbsl%2Fonline%2Fbolintro%2Ehtm [June 2011]. By the end of grade 2. In addition to alpha particles, other types of radioactive decays produce other forms of radiation, originally labeled as “beta” and “gamma” particles and now recognized as electrons or positrons, and photons (i.e., high-frequency electromagnetic radiation), respectively. [Intentionally left blank. When a new substance is formed, the change is called a chemical change. Found insideThis long-awaited book brings this field into its own as a unifying force in ecology and evolution. Tell students that burning a candle is an example of a chemical reaction. ), By the end of grade 8. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Events and processes in a system typically involve multiple interactions occurring simultaneously or in sequence. Rutherford took a photo plate and covered it with gold foil, and then shot alpha particles (made of two protons and two neutrons stuck together) at it. Structures have particular frequencies at which they resonate when some time-varying force acting on them transfers energy to them. This phenomenon is used in barcode scanners and “electric eye” systems, as well as in solar cells. Solids may be formed from molecules, or they may be extended structures with repeating subunits (e.g., crystals). However, prior motion and other forces also affect the actual direction of motion. The first historical mention of the word atom came from works by the Greek philosopher Democritus, around 400 BC. How do particles combine to form the variety of matter one observes? Structures have particular frequencies at which they resonate. Waves can be combined with other waves of the same type to produce complex information-containing patterns that can be decoded at the receiving end. Wile E. Coyote is on a mission to finally catch Road Runner. Sometimes, it can be difficult to tell if a chemical or physical change … At the subatomic scale (i. e., in quantum theory), many phenomena involving electromagnetic radiation (e.g., photoelectric effect) are best modeled as a stream of particles called photons. At the macroscopic scale, energy manifests itself in multiple ways, such as in motion, sound, light, and thermal energy. Tell students that in previous chapters they have studied different aspects of physical change. The patterns of an object’s motion in various situations can be observed and measured; when past motion exhibits a regular pattern, future motion can be predicted from it. A system can be static but unstable, with any small change leading to forces that tend to increase that change (e.g., a ball at the top of a hill). The capacity of carbon atoms to form the backbone of extended molecular structures is essential to the chemistry of life. Electromagnetic radiation (e.g., radio, microwaves, light) can be modeled as a wave of changing electric and magnetic fields or as particles called photons. By the end of grade 8. Any object emits a spectrum of electromagnetic radiation that depends on its temperature. A system can be static but unstable (e.g., a pencil standing on end). Light also transfers energy from place to place. Students will use atom model cut-outs to model the reaction and see that all the atoms in the reactants show up in the products. Motion energy is properly called kinetic energy; it is proportional to the mass of the moving object and grows with the square of its speed. This model showed that electrons travel around the nucleus in fixed circular orbits. When objects touch or collide, they push on one another and can change motion or shape. Eventually it will do so, but if the energy releases throughout the transition are small, the process duration can be very long (e.g., long-lived radioactive isotopes). For example, when energy is transferred to an Earth-object system as an object is raised, the gravitational field energy of the system increases. Rearrange the atoms in the reactants to make the molecules in the products on the right side of the arrow. The ions or molecules can still come back together to form the original substance. Stability and instability in any system depend on the balance of competing effects. Sound is a pressure wave in air or any other material medium. Moreover, the table’s patterns are now recognized as related to the atom’s outermost electron patterns, which play an important role in explaining chemical reactivity and bond formation, and the periodic table continues to be a useful way to organize this information. 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