Found insideSimic was born in the city of Belgrade—the capital of Yugoslavia then, ... Belgrade was subject to bombing again in 1944, this time on the part of the ... Belgrade was declared an open city prior to the Luftwaffe bombings thereby making the 3 days attack a war crime. On 18 September Valjevo was taken, and on 20 September Aranđelovac. Partisan forces made up of the 23rd and 25th Divisions returned to the central parts of east Serbia in July and August 1944, forming a free territory with a makeshift runway in Soko Banja, thus securing both air supply of arms and ammunition, and allowing evacuation of the wounded. [9][10] These martial provisions allowed Bulgarian forces to engage in operations throughout Yugoslav territory, which furthered tactical success while increasing diplomatic friction. The largest unit that took part was the American 15th Air Force, based in Foggia in the south of Italy. In 2019, Medvedev represented Russia at the 75th anniversary celebrations in his position as Prime Minister instead of President Putin. Army Group F headquarters (Generalfeldmarschall von Weichs) in Belgrade acted as a joint high command for these formations, as well as for Bulgarian and Quisling formations. On 10 October, Army Group F command acknowledged that the Red Army had opened a hole in their front line and had penetrated the Great Morava valley. At one point, in a case of friendly fire, a unit of marauding US P-38 fighter-bombers attacked an advancing Soviet column mistaking it for retreating Germans, with the Soviets requesting fighter cover form their own air force - resulting in Air battle over Niš. Area bombing theory was based on the principle that strategic bombing could not be successful in bring the war to a close, and as such, the civilian population was the target for RAF (but not USAF) raids. The Wikipedia article suggests that there were a carpet bombing raid.. What's the context behind this? The Red Army Air Force Group "Vitruk" provided air support on the Yugoslav Front until the end of December. § I turn to the situation in February, 1944, and the terrific devastation by Bomber Command of German towns. The Germans formed two combat groups to defend against an attack intended to force them back across the Great Morava. On 7 October, the 5th Guards Motorized Rifle Brigade, reinforced with a self-propelled artillery regiment and an anti-tank regiment, marched from Negotin over Rgotina and Žagubica to Svilajnac. On 1 September 1944, a general attack from the ground and from the air on the German transport lines and installations (Operation Ratweek) began. On 7 October 64th Rifle Corps units, together with elements of 45th Division NOVJ, finally managed to break the steadfast resistance of battle group Groth and took Zaječar. A further five P-38s and seven P-47s are damaged. Over the course of 11 days in the summer of 1943, Allied bombers conducted six major air raids on Hamburg. Historians call this sustained period of bombing the Battle of Hamburg; citizens of that city refer to it as "die Katastrophe. or was the Balkans sphere simply regarded as a secondary issue as compared to Northern Europe as not to regard the consequent loss of allied civilian casualties to be of enough importance to justify the use of mosquitos now employed on daily missions into Germany). Found insideYugoslav military cooperation with West emerged after the country’s split with the U.S.S.R. and its allies in 1948. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBiryuzov1964 (, p.1116, Dupuy; Belgrade itself was taken on 20 October. Bombing of Bangkok in World War II. The bombing of . If such strategic targets existed in Belgrade, the question must be asked whether any consideration was given to the use of such pathfinders, and if not, why not? The bombing of Belgrade in 1944 was conducted by Anglo-American (USA and British) air forces during Second World War, 11 times in total. The goal of this was to not so much to pursue the remnants of the "Prinz Eugen" Division withdrawing northwest, but for the Bulgarian 2nd Army to begin the liberation of Kosovo which would have finally cut the route north for the German Army Group E withdrawing from Greece. The bridgehead served as a platform for the massive concentration of the 3rd Ukrainian Front troops for the Budapest offensive. The largest pavilion - No.3 - which housed most of the interns was directly hit and almost completely destroyed. As a counter-measure to the events in Romania and Bulgaria, he ordered the 11th Luftwaffe Field Division, the 22nd Infantry, the 117th, the 104th Jäger Division, and the 18th SS Mountain Police Regiment to advance to Macedonia. Bangkok was bombed by both the Japanese during their invasion of Thailand, and on numerous occasions by the Allies during World War II. Allied bombers dropped mines into the Danube to disrupt the movement of barges. Both strategically vital to waging, and winning, total war. Found insideBeretter om den amerikanske 15th Air Force styrke og dens indsats under 2. verdenskrig hovedsagelig i Middelhavsområdet ''White City'', pronounced (); names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of Serbia.It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers and the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain and the Balkan Peninsula. The attacks resulted in the widespread destruction of the capital's infrastructure and many civilian casualties. Nov 18, 2014 - This short video commemorates 70. anniversary of the German bombing of Belgrade in 1941.Best regards,Voja General Wilhelm Schneckenburger retained command of the forces north of the Danube and was tasked with the immediate defense of Belgrade. Divisions of the 68th and the 64th Rifle Corps were introduced to the area from Negotin to Zaječar. Иво Антонов, началник на отдел „Военни паметници и военно-патриотично възпитание“ при МО. Post by frcoplan » 25 Jan 2006, 14:53 Here we go again, same style. On April 11, Klingenberg's instructions were to reconnoiter and establish checkpoints, secure any bridges and roads encountered, then hold for . Bombing of Belgrade in World War II This article needs attention from an expert in Military history. Bombing Yugoslavia in 1944 (too old to reply) cdbooks 2009-05-26 15:35:24 UTC. [2] Vast terrain with poor and damaged roads, uncertainty over local forces, and logistical difficulties dispersed the German groups and slowed down their advancement. Pictured here is the dome of the old Royal Palace in downtown Belgrade, which was one of the main targets of Luftwaffe bombers. They were also responsible for cutting off the main evacuation route of Army Group E along the South Morava and Morava Rivers. Country. The bombing of Belgrade in World War II may refer to: Operation Retribution (1941) , the German bombing in April 1941 Allied bombing of Yugoslavia in World War II , which targeted Belgrade in 1944 [14][15], By the summer of 1944, the Germans had not only lost control of practically all the mountainous area of Yugoslavia but were no longer able to protect their own essential lines of communication. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Belgrade was bombed by British and American air forces on 16-17 April 1944, which was Orthodox Easter Day. On 5 June 1944, 98 B-29s led by the 58th's commander, General LaVerne Saunders, flew out from airfields in India to attack the Makasan railway yards in Bangkok. Semlin camp was based in Pavilions used for a pre war Trade Fair and was a short distance from central Belgrade. The number of dead for that day in April in what was called by the Germans "Operation Punishment" ranges between 5,000 and 17,000, the largest number of civilian deaths in a single day in the first 20 . Bombardovanje Beograda 1.jpg 400 × 400; 29 KB. It is believed that the combined effect of all these reasons was behind the bombing. So why did Allied bombers single out Belgrade for an orchestrated bombing attack on 16-17 April 1944? [5], Though officially only the military and industrial targets were picked - factories, bridges, airport, ammunition depots, German barracks and garrisons - the precision of bombing was notoriously bad. A new defensive plan, put into operation on 10 October, allowed the 2nd Panzer Army to abandon most of the Adriatic coast, and to form a new defensive line from the mouth of Zrmanja eastwards, relying on mountain ranges and fortified towns. The next day, 9 October, the 93rd Rifle Division broke into the Great Morava valley through Petrovac. [33] With this success, German forces were split into two separate groups: the Belgrade garrison to the west, and the battle-group retreating from eastern Serbia, which was then in the Smederevo area. In subsequent weeks, the remaining interns were transferred to other camps, and on 17 May 1944 the German command handed over control of Semlin to the police force of the Independent State of Croatia. In that second bombing Belgrade was badly destroyed. The people of Serbia were brought into the geopolitical machinations of its leadership and, as buildings exploded around them, they felt the full force of a local conflict becoming an . At a time when Tito's Partisan's (now armed both with weapons taken following the surrender of Italian forces, and from Churchill's decision to support and arm them, as opposed to Mihailovic's Chetnik's), had carved out large areas free from both German and . High altitude bombing was the preferred, and often only option, for the heavily-laden bombers. Add a little cloud cover over the target, some industrial smoke from the factories, a few German fighter planes from the nearby airfield (and in 1944 the Luftwaffe had introduced the ME-262, the world’s first jet engine fighter plane which outperformed even the US Mustangs now able to escort USAF bombers into Germany and back), and any pretension to the likely success of precision attacks on specific targets is an illusory one. Bulgarian garrisons, some German police forces, and Serbian Quisling troops, all under German command, and Chetniks, mostly commanded by agreements with the Germans, remained in the area. According to the general plan, the 75th Corps was to be included in the composition of the 57th Army during its attack south of the Danube, and the completion of the 57th Army transfer to the Vidin area was not expected before 30 September. 500 people were killed in the first attack. [5][6], When the bombing was continued the next day, the remains of the King Alexander Bridge, partially destroyed in April 1941, were bombed. From August 6 to 10, more than 500 bombing sorties were flown against Belgrade, inflicting more than 17,500 fatalities. The Yugoslav 13th Corps, in cooperation with the Bulgarian 2nd Army,[35] advanced from the south-east. you have reports of attack on airfields in every book. Hitler is a barbarian. Beginning at the end of September, the division was transferred to southeast Serbia, to guard the southern part of the Serbian front-line between Zaječar and Vranje. Mission 607: As part of a regional sweep by 49 P-38s and 165 P-47s, the rail and highway traffic in the Rotterdam area is strafed. The war on the civilian population of Germany was not a matter of oblique intent, as were the civilian casualties sustained in the attacks on French cities, which were often preceeded with leaflet campaigns warning the civilians to evacuate to the countryside. It was a German stronghold vital to transport military and industrial supplies in and out of the region. Both divisions added men from sections of German units withdrawn from Romania, and Bulgaria, as well as from local formations. The Belgrade embassy bombing fit the story. German forces in town were barely affected. Milovan Djilas recalled Tito summoning a representative of the British mission  and “poured out his bitterness to him, along with the categorical demand that in the future not one of our cities be bombed without our consent. By 2 May 1944 122 aircrew who had been shot out of the sky had made it through Yugoslavia and back to their squadrons. Partisans achieved control of a large area south and southwest of Belgrade, thus forming the basis for the future advance towards Belgrade. The bombing was performed in a fashion more savage than Hitler did it three years earlier on Sunday, April 6, 1941. [1], Belgrade was bombed by British and American air forces on 16–17 April 1944, which was Orthodox Easter Day. [25] The advantages of this plan were the possibility of the rapid deployment of forces in the critical final stage of the offensive, and the possibility of cutting off German troops in eastern Serbia from their main forces. Previous deployment of forces to the front-line in Serbia had already cost 2nd Panzer Army the loss of a number of important towns, some permanently: (Drvar, Gacko, Prijedor, Jajce, Donji Vakuf, Bugojno, Gornji Vakuf, Tuzla, Hvar, Brač, Pelješac, Berane, Nikšić, Bileća, Trebinje, Benkovac, Livno), and some temporarily: (Užice, Tešanj, Teslić, Slavonska Požega, Zvornik, Daruvar, Pakrac, Kolašin, Bijelo Polje, Banja Luka, Pljevlja, Virovitica, Višegrad, and Travnik). The most important being the railway between Salonika, Nis and Belgrade, which, if seriously damaged, would slow the German retreat and divert it towards the sea or by road, both perilous with the allied control of the Adriatic and the skies. Participating in the assault on the capital of Yugoslavia were:[36]. In a race against each other the Partisans were better positioned and faster. Unless it was done with the consent of Tito, as an attempt to crush the German presence there and also to demonstrate the political strength he now wielded in his relations with Allied High Command. Mitrovski, Boro, Venceslav Glišić and Tomo Ristovski, This page was last edited on 22 August 2021, at 09:56. This book explores the relationship between cultural heritage and conflict through the use of new empirical evidence and critical theory and by focusing on postconflict scenarios. The most controversial incident was the May 7 bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade, which killed three Chinese journalists and caused a diplomatic crisis in U.S.-Chinese relations. According to some reports, up to 600 bombers participated in the raid. If the secondary targets could not be reached then crews were ordered to attack targets of opportunity on the ground. Chetnik attacks, within a brutal civil war, on Partisan forces led to accusations that the Chetniks were now fighting on behalf of the Germans. The Partisan Command only had one option – to deny all knowledge of the matter, and to harshly criticise the Allied policy, and then claim that they ensured it would not, without their consent, happen again. Bibliography p. 1271-1321. Some citizens were hiding in surviving shelters but others massively fled the city, hiding in the woods or surrounding villages. However, due to the failure of the 369th Division, only two battalion-strong battle-groups of the 118th Division were sent to Belgrade, while the 264th was caught in the offensive of the 8th Yugoslav Corps, and was eventually destroyed in the Knin area. Upon completion of the Belgrade operation by the 57th Army with the Yugoslav 51st division in November, the bridgehead in Baranja, on the left bank of Danube was taken, causing an acute crisis for the German defense. That would come soon enough. The Bombing of Warsaw in World War II refers to the aerial bombing campaign of Warsaw by the German Luftwaffe during the siege of Warsaw in the invasion of Poland in 1939. Other towns in Montenegro and surrounding areas of Serbia and Herzegovina which were bombed included Sjenica and Bijelo Polje.[2]. Bulgarian Army:Over 3,000 killed[4], The Belgrade offensive or the Belgrade strategic offensive operation (Serbian: Београдска операција / Beogradska operacija; Russian: Белградская стратегическая наступательная операция, Belgradskaya strategicheskaya nastupatel'naya operatsiya) (15 September 1944 – 24 November 1944)[6] was a military operation during World War II in Yugoslavia in which Belgrade was liberated from the German Wehrmacht through the joint efforts of the Soviet Red Army, Yugoslav Partisans, and the Bulgarian Army. This work attempts to document life under the Allied bombing, and renders the annihilation of cities such as Dresden. Operation Retribution (German: Unternehmen Strafgericht), also known as Operation Punishment, was the April 1941 German bombing of Belgrade, the capital of Yugoslavia, in retaliation for the coup d'état that overthrew the government that had signed the Tripartite Pact.The bombing occurred in the first days of the German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II. By the end of the September, the First Army, together with the Bulgarian Second and Fourth Armies, was in full-scale combat against the German Army along the Bulgaria-Yugoslavia border, with Yugoslavian guerrillas on their left flank and a Soviet force on their right. During the Allied bombing of Belgrade, on 17 April, 1944, the Semlin camp suffered extensive damage. USA, GB were murdering their Christian Allies. First to reach the Iron Gates area were reconnaissance elements of the 75th Rifle Corps. Some of the attacks caused significant civilian casualties. "The anger that ordinary Chinese felt I think can only be understood in that historical context, being socialised to resent the West," said Peter Gries . Found inside – Page 51In January and February of 1944 , the USAAF bombed Kiel , Wilhelmshaven ... Later that spring , American planes bombed Belgrade , Sofia , and Bucharest . Infrastructure was bombed three times in April, two times in May, once in June and July, and four times in September. They consisted of around 340,000 men. The latter, consisting of the 1st Mountain Division, the 2nd Brandenburg Regiment, and elements of other units, under General Walter Stettner, was cut off from all other German units, and faced destruction. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Bombing of Belgrade in World War II". Discussions on WW2 in Eastern Europe. This account focuses on the tactical operations of the Third Army and its subordinate units between 1 September and 18 December 1944. On 12 September, near Negotin, a NOVJ delegation led by Colonel Ljubodrag Đurić crossed the Danube to the Romanian side, and establish contact with the Red Army 74th Rifle Division. 23rd Division, in a fierce battle with Order Police battalions and auxiliary forces, took Zaječar on 7 September, and on 12 September entered Negotin, while the 25th Division unsuccessfully attacked Donji Milanovac at the same time. Which seems to be illogical and irrational considering the links forged between the Allies and the Partisan command and the sensitive and downright mistrustful nature of that relationship. These were the Libeater B-24 bombers (from the English Liberator). Dec. 5, 1944. . On 12 October, the Armored Brigade, supported by the 15th Brigade of the 47th Partisan Division, was able to take Leskovac, with the Bulgarian reconnaissance battalion crossing the Morava and probing toward Niš. On 12 September, they established contact with the partisans on the other side of the Danube. [6], One epitaph on the tombstone on Belgrade New Cemetery says: "They hoped to get freedom from the English, not knowing that hope leads them directly into death". Historian Smilja Avramov discovered documents in Berlin which showed that the targets, for which Tito asked to be bombed, included purely civilian objects, like hospitals, schools, faculties and graveyards. Bombing of Slavonski Brod in World War II, "Istorija - mit i zablude: Bombe za srećan Uskrs", "Na bombama je pisalo Srećan Uskrs (The bombs had Happy Easter written on them)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allied_bombing_of_Yugoslavia_in_World_War_II&oldid=1040350996, Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United States, Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving Germany, Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 24 August 2021, at 02:10. The first and heaviest raid, on 17 December 1944, left 707 people dead, 613 injured, and 25,000 homeless. Found inside – Page iThis groundbreaking book is both a biography of Joseph Hurley, the first American to achieve the rank of nuncio, or Vatican ambassador, and an insiders view of the alleged silence of the pope on the Holocaust and Nazism. Official Yugoslav historiography did not explore the Allied bombings after 1945, but the official stand was that it had to happen, in order to destroy the remaining occupational forces. Bomber Command had considered itself capable of winning the war from the skies, on its own, given the necessary resources. Bombs also fell on Belgrade but not as a result, yet, of an orchestrated attack on the city. British Military attaches to Tito, notably Fitzroy Maclean (who laid claim to persuading Churchill to change his policy in the Balkans and back the Communist-Partisans on the basis that they were killing more Germans than the royalist-Chetniks, who were representatives of the Yugoslav Government in exile in London). Volunteers were joining the units in large numbers increasing their size. 5 September 1944. Most of the government officials fled, and the Yugoslav army began to collapse. The bombing was performed in a fashion more savage than Hitler did it three years earlier on Sunday, April 6, 1941. On 17 October, the leading units of the Bulgarian Army reached Kursumlija, and proceeded to Kuršumlijska Banja. On 15th April 1944 a US delegation led by Lieutenant Colonel Louiis A. Neveloff flew from Bari to Modeno Polji to meet Marshall Tito at Partisan HQ, in Drvar, laying the groundwork for the evacuation of downed US airmen in Yugoslavia. Those attacks were conducted on 7 January and 6 November 1944 [9], In 1944, town of Nikšić in Montenegro was bombed. Bombardovanje Beograda 11.jpg 369 × 466; 20 KB. The paper deals with the position and historical development of Belgrade, which only in the 20th century has been bombarded five times - in 1914, 1915, 1941, 1944 and 1999. Thereafter the Allies bombed several cities, but in consultation with us and only when it was justified from a military standpoint”. It was also the target for the first combat mission by Boeing B-29 Superfortresses in June 1944. Tensions and mistrust, between the Allied High Command and those who represented it on the ground, and the Partisan leadership, were rife. With the impossibility of reinforcements coming from the south finally acknowledged, German Command was forced to seek more troops from 2nd Panzer Army. Request for bombing of Nikšić, for example, originally came from Peko Dapčević,[2] on 30 March 1944. Tito arrived in Soviet-controlled Romania on 21 September, and from there flew to Moscow where he met with Soviet premier Joseph Stalin. On this day in 1941, Nazi Germany invaded Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Battle group Groth holding Zaječar was the southernmost, battle group Fisher held positions in the middle, and battle group Stettner (named after the 1st Mountain Division commander) held grounds in mountains further to the north. Two days later, having encountered the Yugoslav partisans, the Army with partisan participation defeated a combined force of Chetniks and Serbian Frontier Guards and occupied Vlasotince. Bombardovanje Beograda 10.jpg 646 × 444; 83 KB. In the meantime, the 1st Proletarian Corps, the main partisan formation in Serbia, continued with reinforcing and developing its forces and with seizing positions for the assault on Belgrade. In his book "Bombing the European Axis Powers" (AUP, 2006) Prof Richard G. Davis, while discussing the acitivites of 15th USAAF, states (p. 572): "Some 2,000 of those tons fell on Yugoslav towns designated and To do so, it carried out air attacks on the railroad bridges and other important facilities in the areas of Niš, Skopje, and Kruševo lasting from 15 to 21 September. The target selected for bombing was the now familiar alternate and last resort target, the Belgrade Zemun Airdrome in Yugoslavia, above a solid undercast. It was the most dangerous job of all, with the lowest survival rates of any service. (a question for further research – how many mosquitos.. where were they based – were there any in Southern Italy? On 5th April 1944 the 15th United States Air Force (USAF) launched a raid comprising of 337 B-17 Flying Fortresses and B-24’s to bomb Hitler’s oil wells in Ploesti, Romania, the most heavily defended German industrial position in the war, so important was it to Germany’s ability to fight on. Summer of 1943, instantly killing 250 people combat groups to defend against an attack intended to Force them across! 'S southernmost combat operations 360 tons of bombs in a fashion more savage than Hitler did it years. Easter, until April 18, 1944, which tasked with establishing control on the.! Consultation with us and only when it was a short but intense artillery bombardment, the city,. Southern Italy Baden-Württemberg, was the American and British air Force bombed Belgrade on Sunday, April (. 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